References

Ahlström, Anders, Michael R. Raupach, Guy Schurgers, Benjamin Smith, Almut Arneth, Martin Jung, Markus Reichstein, et al. 2015. “The Dominant Role of Semi-Arid Ecosystems in the Trend and Variability of the Land CO2 Sink.” Science 348 (6237): 895–99. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1668.

Ainsworth, Elizabeth A., and Stephen P. Long. 2005. “What Have We Learned from 15 Years of Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Responses of Photosynthesis, Canopy Properties and Plant Production to Rising CO2.” New Phytologist 165 (2): 351–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x.

Anderegg, William R. L., Anna T. Trugman, Grayson Badgley, Christa M. Anderson, Ann Bartuska, Philippe Ciais, Danny Cullenward, et al. 2020. “Climate-Driven Risks to the Climate Mitigation Potential of Forests.” Science 368 (6497): eaaz7005. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7005.

Armstrong McKay, David I., Arie Staal, Jesse F. Abrams, Ricarda Winkelmann, Boris Sakschewski, Sina Loriani, Ingo Fetzer, Sarah E. Cornell, Johan Rockström, and Timothy M. Lenton. 2022. “Exceeding 1.5 Degrees C Global Warming Could Trigger Multiple Climate Tipping Points.” Science 377 (6611): eabn7950. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn7950.

Arneth, Almut, Sandy P. Harrison, Sönke Zaehle, Kostas Tsigaridis, Surabi Menon, Patrick J. Bartlein, Johann Feichter, et al. 2010. “Terrestrial Biogeochemical Feedbacks in the Climate System.” Nature Geoscience 3 (8): 525–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo905.

Bala, Govindasamy, Ken Caldeira, Michael Wickett, Thomas J. Phillips, David B. Lobell, Christine Delire, and Arthur Mirin. 2007. “Combined Climate and Carbon-Cycle Effects of Large-Scale Deforestation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (16): 6550–55. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608998104.

Bridgham, Scott D., Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz, Jason K. Keller, and Qianlai Zhuang. 2013. “Methane Emissions from Wetlands: Biogeochemical, Microbial, and Modeling Perspectives from Local to Global Scales.” Global Change Biology 19 (5): 1325–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12131.

Brienen, Roel J. W., Liam Caldwell, Louis Duchesne, Steven Voelker, Jonathan Barichivich, Michele Baliva, Gregório Ceccantini, et al. 2020. “Forest Carbon Sink Neutralized by Pervasive Growth–Lifespan Trade-Offs.” Nature Communications 11 (1): 4241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17966-z.

Brienen, Roel J. W., Oliver L. Phillips, Ted R. Feldpausch, Emanuel Gloor, Timothy R. Baker, Jon Lloyd, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, et al. 2015. “Long-Term Decline of the Amazon Carbon Sink.” Nature 519 (7543): 344–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14283.

Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Elizabeth M. Baggs, Michael Dannenmann, Ralf Kiese, and Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern. 2013. “Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soils: How Well Do We Understand the Processes and Their Controls?” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368 (1621): 20130122. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0122.

Davidson, Eric A. 2009. “The Contribution of Manure and Fertilizer Nitrogen to Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide Since 1860.” Nature Geoscience 2 (9): 659–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo608.

Erb, Karl-Heinz, Thomas Kastner, Christoph Plutzar, Anna Liza S. Bais, Nuno Carvalhais, Tamara Fetzel, Simone Gingrich, et al. 2018. “Unexpectedly Large Impact of Forest Management and Grazing on Global Vegetation Biomass.” Nature 553 (7686): 73–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25138.

Friedlingstein, Pierre, Peter Cox, Richard Betts, Laurent Bopp, Werner von Bloh, Victor Brovkin, Patricia Cadule, et al. 2006. “Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison.” Journal of Climate 19 (14): 3337–53. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3800.1.

Fuss, Sabine, William F Lamb, Max W Callaghan, Jérôme Hilaire, Felix Creutzig, Thorben Amann, Tim Beringer, et al. 2018. “Negative Emissions—Part 2: Costs, Potentials and Side Effects.” Environmental Research Letters 13 (6): 063002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f.

Hansen, Matthew C., Peter V. Potapov, Rebecca Moore, Matt Hancher, Svetlana A. Turubanova, Alexandra Tyukavina, David Thau, et al. 2013. “High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change.” Science 342 (6160): 850–53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693.

Humphrey, Vincent, Jakob Zscheischler, Philippe Ciais, Lukas Gudmundsson, Stephen Sitch, and Sonia I. Seneviratne. 2018. “Sensitivity of Atmospheric CO2 Growth Rate to Observed Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage.” Nature 560 (7720): 628–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0424-4.

Jones, Chris D., Philippe Ciais, Steven J. Davis, Pierre Friedlingstein, Thomas Gasser, Glen P. Peters, Joeri Rogelj, et al. 2016. “Simulating the Earth System Response to Negative Emissions.” Environmental Research Letters 11 (9): 095012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/095012.

Joos, Fortunat, and Renato Spahni. 2008. “Rates of Change in Natural and Anthropogenic Radiative Forcing over the Past 20,000 Years.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (5): 1425–30. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707386105.

Luyssaert, Sebastiaan, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Annett Börner, Alexander Knohl, Dominik Hessenmöller, Beverly E. Law, Philippe Ciais, and John Grace. 2008. “Old-Growth Forests as Global Carbon Sinks.” Nature 455 (7210): 213–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07276.

MacDonald, Glen M., David W. Beilman, Konstantine V. Kremenetski, Yongwei Sheng, Laurence C. Smith, and Andrei A. Velichko. 2006. “Rapid Early Development of Circumarctic Peatlands and Atmospheric CH4 and CO2 Variations.” Science 314 (5797): 285–88. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131722.

Nitzbon, Jan, Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Mehriban Aliyeva, Sarah E. Chadburn, Guido Grosse, Sebastian Laboor, Hanna Lee, et al. 2024. “No Respite from Permafrost-Thaw Impacts in the Absence of a Global Tipping Point.” Nature Climate Change 14 (6): 573–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02011-4.

Palazzo Corner, Sofia, Martin Siegert, Paulo Ceppi, Baylor Fox-Kemper, Thomas L. Frölicher, Angela Gallego-Sala, Joanna Haigh, et al. 2023. “The Zero Emissions Commitment and Climate Stabilization.” Frontiers in Science Volume 1 - 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsci.2023.1170744.

Pan, Yude, Richard A. Birdsey, Jingyun Fang, Richard Houghton, Pekka E. Kauppi, Werner A. Kurz, Oliver L. Phillips, et al. 2011. “A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests.” Science 333 (6045): 988–93. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609.

Peñuelas, Josep, Josep G. Canadell, and Romà Ogaya. 2011. “Increased Water-Use Efficiency During the 20th Century Did Not Translate into Enhanced Tree Growth.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 20 (4): 597–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00608.x.

Poorter, Hendrik, Karl J. Niklas, Peter B. Reich, Jacek Oleksyn, Pieter Poot, and Liesje Mommer. 2012. “Biomass Allocation to Leaves, Stems and Roots: Meta-Analyses of Interspecific Variation and Environmental Control.” New Phytologist 193 (1): 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03952.x.

Qiu, Chunjing, Philippe Ciais, Dan Zhu, Bertrand Guenet, Jinfeng Chang, Nitin Chaudhary, Thomas Kleinen, et al. 2022. “A Strong Mitigation Scenario Maintains Climate Neutrality of Northern Peatlands.” One Earth 5 (1): 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.12.008.

Riley, William J., Zachary M. Subin, David M. Lawrence, Sean C. Swenson, Margaret S. Torn, Lei Meng, Natalie M. Mahowald, and Peter Hess. 2011. “Barriers to Predicting Changes in Global Terrestrial Methane Fluxes: Analyses Using CLM4Me, a Methane Biogeochemistry Model Integrated in CESM.” Biogeosciences 8 (7): 1925–53. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1925-2011.

Shindell, Drew, Johan C. I. Kuylenstierna, Elisabetta Vignati, Rita van Dingenen, Markus Amann, Zbigniew Klimont, Susan C. Anenberg, et al. 2012. “Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security.” Science 335 (6065): 183–89. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210026.

Sitch, Stephen, Benjamin Smith, I. Colin Prentice, Almut Arneth, Alberte Bondeau, Wolfgang Cramer, Jed O. Kaplan, et al. 2003. “Evaluation of Ecosystem Dynamics, Plant Geography and Terrestrial Carbon Cycling in the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model.” Global Change Biology 9 (2): 161–85. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x.

Stocker, Benjamin D., Raphael Roth, Fortunat Joos, Renato Spahni, Marco Steinacher, Sönke Zaehle, Lex Bouwman, Xu-Ri, and I. Colin Prentice. 2013. “Multiple Greenhouse-Gas Feedbacks from the Land Biosphere Under Future Climate Change Scenarios.” Nature Climate Change 3 (7): 666–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1864.

Walker, Wayne S., Seth R. Gorelik, Susan C. Cook-Patton, Alessandro Baccini, Mary K. Farina, Kylen K. Solvik, Peter W. Ellis, et al. 2022. “The Global Potential for Increased Storage of Carbon on Land.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (23): e2111312119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111312119.

Zhu, Zaichun, Shilong Piao, Ranga B Myneni, Mengtian Huang, Zhenzhong Zeng, Josep G Canadell, Philippe Ciais, et al. 2016. “Greening of the Earth and Its Drivers.” Nature Climate Change 6 (8): 791–95.